Ƙarƙashin Aluminum shine fasaha mai mahimmanci don haɓaka ƙimar aikace-aikacen masana'anta, yana rufe ka'ida, tsari, gwaji da sauran mahimman abubuwan. Wannan labarin yana mai da hankali kan jigon taurin shekaru, yana tarwatsa mahimman abubuwan aiki mai amfani, kuma yana taimakawa daidai gwargwado ƙwarewar ƙarfafa bayanan bayanan aluminum.
Menene Ma'anar "Hardening Aluminum"?
Aluminum hardening, kuma aka sani da shekaru hardening ko hazo hardening, shi ne ainihin tsari don inganta ƙarfi da taurin aluminum da aluminum gami ta hanyar zafi magani. Babban ka'idar ita ce cewa aluminum yana mai zafi zuwa takamaiman zafin jiki don abubuwan haɗin gwiwar sun narkar da su da sauri sannan a sanyaya su cikin sauri don samar da ingantaccen bayani mai ƙarfi. Wannan microstructure mara ƙarfi yana haifar da jinkirin hazo na ƙananan ƙwayoyin lokaci masu tasowa, waɗanda ke hana motsin rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin ƙarfe, don haka yana haɓaka kayan injin bayanan martaba ba tare da canza siffarsa ba. Ana amfani da wannan tsari sosai a masana'antar zamani, musamman a cikin al'amuran da ke buƙatar daidaito tsakanin ƙarfi da haske. Ba kamar sauran hanyoyin tauri ba, shekarun hardening na iya daidaita daidaitattun kaddarorin aluminum kuma yana da kwanciyar hankali mai girma yayin aiwatarwa, yana mai da shi babban tallafin fasahar fasaha don sararin samaniya, motoci da sauran manyan filayen.
Muhimman Fa'idodin Tsararrun Aluminum Na Zamani
Ƙarfafa shekaru yana kawo yawan tsalle-tsalle na ayyuka zuwa bayanan martaba na aluminum, yana ba su fa'idodin da ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba a cikin yanayin yanayin aikace-aikacen da yawa. Na farko, daƙarfi da taurinna aluminum profiles an inganta sosai. Ta hanyar ƙarfafa sakamako na ɓangarorin lokaci masu tasowa, ƙarfin ƙarfi da taurin bayanan martaba na aluminum na iya kaiwa sau da yawa na yanayin da ba a kula da su ba, yayin da yake riƙe da ƙananan ƙananan, don haka fahimtar ainihin buƙatar "haske da karfi". Ingantaccen tsarin hatsi shine wani abin haskakawa, tsananin kulawa da sigogin tsari na iya samar da daidaitaccen rarraba lokaci mai kyau, don haka.da inji Properties na aluminum ne mafi barga, don kauce wa gazawar da ke haifar da rauni na gida. Dangane dasa juriya da juriya na lalata, Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwayar aluminum mai taurara yana haɓaka don mafi kyawun tsayayya da asarar gogayya, kuma ana bi da wasu daga cikin allunan don haɓaka juriya na lalata, wanda ya dace da yanayi mai tsauri kamar ruwa da waje. Kwanciyar kwanciyar hankali Hakanan sanannen fa'ida ne na taurin shekaru, nakasar tsarin tsarin zafi yana da ƙanƙanta, na iya saduwa da ƙimar daidaiton buƙatun daidaitattun sassa. Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar daidaita yanayin zafin jiki da lokacin tsufa, kayan aikin injiniya na aluminum za a iya daidaita su da sauƙi don nemo ma'auni mafi kyau tsakanin ƙarfi, ƙarfi, ductility, kuma idan aka kwatanta da sauran matakai masu ƙarfafawa, shekarun tsufa ya fi dacewa da farashi kuma ya dace da manyan masana'antun masana'antu.
Daban-daban na Aluminum HeatMagani
Annealing
Annealing yana daya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin matakai a cikin maganin zafi na aluminum, kuma ana amfani dashi don kawar da ƙarfin aiki wanda ke faruwa a lokacin aikin sanyi, ƙirƙira, da sauran matakai. Tsarin ya ƙunshi dumama aluminum zuwa zafin jiki na 570 ° F zuwa 770 ° F, yana riƙe da minti 30 zuwa 3 hours dangane da girman bayanin martaba da abun da ke ciki, sa'an nan kuma sanyaya sannu a hankali zuwa zafin jiki. Wannan tsari yana maido da zamewar saman aluminium, yana fitar da tarin damuwa na ciki, kuma yana sake daidaita tsarin hatsi. ductility na annealed aluminum yana ƙaruwa sosai, yana sauƙaƙa aiwatar da lankwasawa na gaba, tambari, da sauran hanyoyin ƙirƙira, da kuma gyara ɓarnawar shafi na wargi da ke faruwa yayin simintin gyare-gyare da hana tsagewa yayin amfani. Duka abubuwan da za a iya magance zafi da kuma waɗanda ba za a iya magance su ba za a iya shafe su don inganta iya aiki.
Magani ZafiTmaida hankaliProce
SMaganin zafi mai zafi mataki ne mai mahimmanci kafin taurin shekaru, kuma ainihin manufarsa ita ce ta narkar da abubuwan haɗaɗɗun abubuwan da ke cikin aluminium don samar da ingantaccen bayani mai ƙarfi-lokaci guda ɗaya. Tsarin ya ƙunshi dumama aluminum zuwa 825 ° F-1050 ° F (dan kadan a ƙasa da wurin narkewa na gami), tare da daidaita lokacin riƙewa gwargwadon girman ɓangaren, kama daga kimanin minti 10 don ƙananan sassa zuwa har zuwa sa'o'i 12 don manyan sassa. Bayan dumama, aluminum yana da sauri yana kashewa, yawanci a cikin ruwa ko maganin polymer. Ruwa quenching yana da sauri da kuma hana farkon hazo na alloying abubuwa zuwa iyakar iyakar yiwu, tabbatar da wani supersaturated m bayani;yayin da quenching polymer ya fi dacewa da siffofi masu rikitarwa ko bayanan martaba na bakin ciki, rage matsalolin ciki da aka haifar yayin aikin sanyaya da rage haɗarin fashewa da nakasa. Bayan ingantaccen magani mai ƙarfi, aluminium yana cikin yanayi mai laushi, wanda ke sauƙaƙe machining na gaba kuma yana shirya shi don ƙarfafa shekaru na ƙarshe.
Homogenizing
Ana amfani da homogenizing musamman don jefa bayanan martaba na aluminum don magance matsalar rarrabuwar kawuna da ke faruwa yayin aikin simintin. A lokacin sanyaya simintin gyare-gyare, babban Layer na aluminum yana ƙarfafa farko don samar da tsattsauran hatsi na aluminum, yayin da abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da manyan wuraren narkewa za su taru a tsakiya, wanda zai haifar da rashin daidaituwa na ciki da na waje na bayanin martaba kuma yana rinjayar aiki da amfani na gaba. Ana yin maganin homogenization ta dumama simintin aluminum zuwa 900°F-1000°F, yana riƙe da shi na ɗan lokaci don ba da damar abubuwan haɗin gwiwa su yaɗu sosai da cimma daidaiton rarraba abubuwan da aka gyara, sannan a sanyaya shi a hankali don gyara wannan yanayin. Bayan jiyya, gabaɗayan kaddarorin inji na simintin aluminium ɗin yakan zama daidai, yana sa ya zama ƙasa da wahalar sarrafawa, da kuma hana lalacewar gyare-gyaren yadda ya kamata ko gazawar tsarin aiki yayin amfani saboda bambance-bambancen abun ciki na gida.
tsufa
Tsufa magani ne core mahada na aluminum hardening, kasu kashi na halitta tsufa da wucin gadi tsufa hanyoyi biyu, jigon shi ne a bar supersaturated m bayani bayan m bayani hazo na uniform lafiya hazo lokaci barbashi. tsufa na halitta baya buƙatar ƙarin dumama, ana iya sanya aluminium da aka kashe a cikin yanayin zafin jiki na ɗaki, yawancin tasirin hardening an kammala shi a cikin sa'o'i 24, cikakken kwanciyar hankali na iya haɓaka ƙarfi da ƙarfi sosai. Wannan hanya ta dace da al'amuran da ba sa buƙatar babban sake zagayowar samarwa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun aiki, amma ya kamata a lura cewa tsarin gyare-gyaren ya kamata a aiwatar da shi da wuri-wuri bayan an gama tsarin tsufa don guje wa taurin wuce gona da iri da ke shafar aikin. Tsufa na wucin gadi (wanda kuma aka sani da hardening hazo) yana hanzarta hazo lokaci ta hanyar dumama aiki, dumama aluminum zuwa 240°F-460°F, yana riƙe da awanni 6-24, sannan sanyaya. Wannan hanyar ita ce mafi inganci kuma daidai a cikin sarrafa kaddarorin, ƙyale aluminum don cimma matakan ƙarfi mafi girma don aikace-aikace masu tsayi inda taurin yana da mahimmanci. Siffofin tsufa na wucin gadi sun bambantada yawa daga gami zuwa gami kuma suna buƙatar tsananin zafin jiki da bayanan bayanan lokaci dangane da takamaiman kayan.
Fahimtar Zaɓuɓɓukan Zazzaɓi Aluminum da Nau'o'in gama-gari
Extrusions na Aluminum suna da lambar matsayi da aka ɗaure a haɗe zuwa lambar gami na tushe, misali, “-T73” a cikin 7075-T73 shine lambar matsayi. Aluminum alloys suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayi guda huɗu, -F (machined), -O (annealed), -H (mai taurin-taurare), da -T (mai zafi). Ana amfani da nadi na biyar, - W, don bayyana yanayin da aka kashe bayan maganin zafi da kuma kafin tsufa na wucin gadi ko yanayin zafin ɗaki. Wadannan su ne takamaiman ma'anoni ga kowane nau'in yanayi: H111: Ya shafi samfurori tare da matsananciyar wahala a ƙasa da bukatun nayanayin H11 mai sarrafawa. H112: Ya shafi samfuran da suka sami wani yanayi a zahiri yayin gyare-gyaren (babu kulawa ta musamman na taurarewar damuwa ko magani mai zafi), amma sun ayyana iyakokin kayan aikin injiniya. Ana amfani da lambobin yanayin H-jerin na gaba na musamman don naƙasasshiyar aluminium alloys tare da abun ciki na magnesium na sama da 4%: H311: Don samfuran da ke da ƙarfi a ƙasa da buƙatun yanayin H31 mai sarrafawa. T1: A dabi'ance ya tsufa zuwa yanayin kwanciyar hankali bayan sanyaya ta hanyar samar da yanayin zafi mai girma. T2: Yanayin da aka rufe (wanda ya dace da samfuran simintin kawai). T3: Yin aiki mai sanyi bayan maganin zafi mai zafi, wanda ya dace da samfurori inda aka inganta ƙarfin ta hanyar aikin sanyi, ko kuma inda aka haɗa da aikin sanyi a cikin matakan daidaitawa da daidaitawa a cikin la'akari da iyakokin kayan aikin injiniya. T4: m bayani zafi magani bayan halitta tsufa zuwa m barga jihar, m zuwa m bayani zafi magani ba tare da sanyi aiki, ko sanyi aiki a kan aiwatar da matakin, mikewa, da rawar da sanyi aiki ba a hada a cikin inji Properties iyakance darajar da la'akari da samfurin. T5: Bayan sanyaya ta hanyar babban yanayin gyare-gyaren zafin jiki, maganin tsufa na wucin gadi. T6: Magani mai zafi wanda ke biye da tsufa na wucin gadi, iyakokin kayan aikin injiniya ba su shafi aikin sanyi ba, yawancin kayan haɗin gwiwa a cikin - W jihar da - T4 jihar na iya isa - T6 jihar bayan wucin gadi tsufa. T7: Maganin zafi mai zafi wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar daidaitawa, dacewa da samfurori da aka daidaita fiye da ma'anar ƙarfin ƙarfi don cimma girman girman girman girma da kuma ragowar damuwa. T8: Maganin zafi mai ƙarfi wanda ke biye da aikin sanyi sannan kuma tsufa na wucin gadi, don samfuran da aka haɓaka ƙarfi ta hanyar aikin sanyi ko kuma inda aka yi la'akari da rawar sanyi a cikin matakan daidaitawa da daidaitawa a cikin la'akari da iyakokin kayan aikin injiniya.
Abubuwan Da Suka Shafi Taurin Aluminum
Abubuwan Abun Haɓakawa
Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa sune mahimman abubuwan da ke ƙayyade taurin bayanan martaba na aluminum, kuma rabon abubuwa daban-daban yana shafar tasirin tauraro kai tsaye. Alal misali, 7075 aluminum gami ya ƙunshi 5.1% -6.1% zinc, 1.2% -2.0% jan karfe da kuma 2.1% -2.9% magnesium, da taurin ne muhimmanci mafi girma fiye da na 6061 aluminum gami, yayin da 6061 aluminum gami da magnesium (1.0% -1.5%) da silicon (0.4% - 0, low kasafi tare da babban alloy). weldability da processability. Zinc, jan karfe da magnesium sune mahimman abubuwan don haɓaka taurin aluminum, kuma abubuwan da ke cikin su yana buƙatar daidaita daidai gwargwadon buƙatun aikace-aikacen: babban abun ciki na abubuwan alloying ya dace da bin ƙarshen ƙarfin yanayin, yayin da ma'aunin ma'auni na iya la'akari da ƙarfin da aikin sarrafawa, don saduwa da bukatun masana'antar gabaɗaya.
ZafiTmaida hankaliParameters
Tsarin maganin zafi shine ainihin hanyar daidaita taurin bayanan bayanan aluminum, kuma karkacewar kowane siga zai shafi taurin ƙarshe kai tsaye. Yanayin zafin jiki da lokacin riƙe da ingantaccen bayani magani yana buƙatar tabbatar da cewa abubuwan haɗin gwiwa sun narkar da su gaba ɗaya, rashin isasshen zafin jiki ko lokacin riƙewa ya yi gajeru zai haifar da rashin isasshen narkewa, tasirin taurin na gaba na tsufa ya ragu sosai; quenching gudun kayyade kwanciyar hankali na supersaturated m bayani, jinkirin sanyaya zai sa alloying abubuwa precipitated a gaba, rage hardening m. Tsufa na wucin gadi a cikin zafin jiki ya yi yawa ko tsayi zai rage taurin; zafin jiki ya yi ƙasa sosai ko lokacin bai isa ba taurin bai kai daidai ba. Zazzabi da zafi na yanayin tsufa na halitta kuma zai shafi ƙimar taurin ƙarfi da taurin ƙarshe, da kuma adanawae muhalli yana buƙatar sarrafa shi.
Manufacturing da kuma gama jihar
Tsarin masana'antu da yanayin ƙarshe na aluminium suna shafar taurin. Aluminum da aka samar ta hanyar latsa mai zafi ko simintin gyare-gyare yawanci yana ƙasa da tauri; Aluminum da aka yi sanyi yana da wahala ta hanyar hardening aiki. Yanayin saman ƙaƙƙarfan samfurin yana rinjayar sakamakon gwajin taurin, misali. Yadudduka masu oxidized, tarkace, da mai na iya haifar da gurɓata gwajin, yayin da ƙasa mai santsi ta fi nuna taurin gaske. Jerin na gaba machining shima yana da mahimmanci. Yin aiki mai yawa bayan tsaurin shekaru na iya haifar da asarar taurin saboda sakin damuwa na ciki.
Kuskure Na Yamma Lokacin Taurare Aluminum
Nakasar da Matsalolin Cracking
Taurare bayanan martabar aluminium galibi yana haifar da murdiya da tsagewa sabodarashin daidaituwar sanyi da damuwa na ciki. Ƙaƙƙarfan sasanninta na ciki, bambance-bambancen kauri-bangare, bangon bakin ciki da sifofin asymmetric suna da haɗari ga yawan damuwa kuma suna ƙara haɗarin kashe fashewa. Ana iya warware shi daga sassa na ƙira da tsari. Zane ya kamata a zagaye sasanninta don kauce wa sasanninta masu kaifi da sauye-sauye masu kauri; Ana buƙatar aiwatar da zaɓin tsari bisa ga matsakaicin matsakaiciyar bayanin martaba, sassa masu rikitarwa ko siraran bango za a iya zaɓar maganin polymer maimakon ruwa mai tsabta. A lokaci guda, yin amfani da jigs da kayan aiki don sarrafa abubuwan jeri da sanyaya shugabanci na iya rage nakasawa.
Rashin isaHardness (kasa da shekaru) daOcikakken tsufaPmatsaloli
Ƙarƙashin ƙarfi yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin tsufa, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarancin zafin jiki da yawa, rashin isasshen lokacin riƙewa, ko rashin isassun jiyya, yana haifar da ƴan abubuwan haɗaɗɗen haɗaɗɗiya. Bugu da ƙari, idan an bar quench da yawa kafin tsufa na wucin gadi, tsufa na halitta zai faru a baya, yana raunana tasirin ƙarfafawa, wanda kuma zai iya haifar da taurin mara kyau. Tsawon tsufa saboda yawan zafin jiki ya yi yawa ko kuma lokacin ya yi tsayi sosai, yana haifar da ɓarna ɓoyayyiyar lokaci suna girma, tazara yana ƙaruwa, tasirin ƙarfafawa ya raunana, don haka taurin kayan aluminium ya ragu, tauri ya tashi. Makullin don ƙayyade ƙasa ko tsufa a cikin daidaiton taurin: duka nau'in ƙarancin taurin matsala ce ta siga, rashin daidaituwa na gida shine rashin daidaituwa na yanayin zafin wuta ko sassa saboda mai yawa. Don kauce wa irin waɗannan matsalolin, kuna buƙatar daidaita kayan aikin zafi don tabbatar da daidaiton yanayin zafin jiki a cikin kewayon ± 5-10 ° C; bisa ga nau'in alloy da girman sassan don haɓaka madaidaicin madaidaicin tsufa, don guje wa daidaita ma'aunin makanta; Ya kamata a canza sassan da aka kashe zuwa tsarin tsufa na wucin gadi da wuri-wuri, gabaɗaya bai kamata ya wuce sa'o'i 4 ba, don hana haɓakar tsufa na halitta.
Kariya gaSecondaryHciTmaida hankali
Lokacin da hardening sakamako na aluminum bai kai ga misali, a wasu lokuta za a iya gyara ta sakandare zafi magani, amma bukatar a bi m bayani dalla-dalla. Maganin zafi na biyu yawanci yana buƙatar sake gyara magani da tsufa, amma idan aluminum ya kasance ta hanyar jiyya na zafi da yawa, yana iya haifar da girman hatsi, wanda ke shafar aikin gabaɗaya. Zazzabi mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na biyu ya kamata ya zama ƙasa kaɗan fiye da lokacin farko, don guje wa zafi mai zafi zuwa haɓakar hatsi ko narkewar iyaka; quenching bukatar biya ƙarin hankali ga sanyaya uniformity, saboda na farko hardening na ciki danniya ne hadaddun da sauki ga sakandare fatattaka. Bayan maganin zafi na biyu, ya kamata a sake gwada taurin da aikin don tabbatar da biyan bukatun.
Yadda ake Gwajin Taurin Aluminum
Gwajin Hardness Rockwell
Gwajin taurin Rockwell yana da sauƙin aiki kuma yana da inganci a gwajin taurin aluminum, wanda ya dace da sarrafa ingancin tsari. An ƙayyade taurin ta hanyar zurfin shigar da mai shigar da shi a ƙarƙashin kaya, kuma ana ƙididdige ƙimar taurin ta hanyar ƙididdige zurfin bambance-bambancen bayan ƙaddamarwa da babban kaya. Gwajin taurin bayanin martaba na Aluminum galibi yana ɗaukar sikelin HRB, ta amfani da nauyin 100kgf da indin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, wanda ya dace da ƙarancin ƙarfin aluminum; Aluminum mai ƙarfi mafi girma zai iya zaɓar sauran sikelin Rockwell. Wannan hanyar tana da sauri, karantawa kai tsaye, ƙaramar shiga, da ƙaramin lalacewa ga bayanan martaba.
BrinellHkaushiTest
Gwajin taurin Brinell yana ɗaukar babban diamita na ƙwallon ƙarfe da babban kaya, wanda ya dace da gano bayanan simintin simintin ƙwayar hatsi ko manyan sassan aluminum. Yana samar da babban indentation a saman, matsakaicin fitar da bambance-bambance a cikin abun da ke ciki da girman hatsi, kuma yana samun ƙimar taurin wakilci. Gwajin yana buƙatar auna diamita na indentation da ƙididdige ƙimar HB, wanda zai iya guje wa kuskuren ƙayyadaddun wurare masu wuya da taushi na gida kuma yana nuna taurin gaba ɗaya, amma shigarwar yana da girma kuma bai dace da daidaitattun samfuran da aka gama ba.
VickersHkaushiTest
Gwajin taurin Vickers yana da yawa kuma yana iya auna taurin bayanan bayanan aluminum daban-daban. Yana amfani da indenter tetragonal lu'u lu'u-lu'u, yana aiki da madaidaicin nauyi, kuma yana ƙididdige taurin bisa ga diagonal na ciki. Matsakaicin nauyin nauyi, gwaji na microscopic da macroscopic, mai iya auna sutura, ƙananan yankuna da taurin gaba ɗaya, babban madaidaici, dacewa da binciken kimiyya da sauran yanayin da ake buƙata, amma yana buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata don aiki da nazari.
Gwajin taurin Knoop
Gwajin tauri na Knoop yana amfani da mai siffa mai sifar lu'u-lu'u don samar da sirin ciki, kuma yana ƙididdige taurin ta auna tsayin diagonal. Kayan sa na 10-1000 gf ya dace don gwada kayan gaggautsa, aluminum na bakin ciki, sutura da wuraren da ke kusa. Ƙunƙarar ƙanƙara, tsayin daka yana hana tsage samfurin kuma ya dace musamman don bakin ciki ko alumini wanda aka yi masa magani. Don anisotropic aluminum, daidaita yanayin gwajin yana nuna bambance-bambancen taurin kuma yana ba da ƙarin cikakkun bayanan aikin.
Gwajin Hardness Richter
Gwajin taurin Richter hanya ce mai ɗaukuwa, hanyar dubawa ta kan yanar gizo wacce ke kimanta taurin aluminium ta hanyar tasirin ƙwallon carbide na tungsten a saman kumaauna ma'auni na sake dawowa, tare da mafi girman ƙimar da ke haifar da tauri mafi girma. Gwajin taurin Richter mai sassauƙa ne, mai sauri, kuma ba'a iyakance shi ta samfurori ba, yana mai da shi dacewa da ɗaukar manyan kayan aiki. Duk da haka, daidaito yana da ƙananan kuma yana da sauƙi ga yanayin yanayi, don haka yawanci ana amfani dashi don nunawa na farko, yayin da sassa masu mahimmanci har yanzu suna buƙatar haɗa su tare da wasu ingantattun hanyoyin.
GabaHkaushiTest
Gwajin taurin bakin teku ana amfani da su ne don gwajin elastomers da robobi masu laushi, kuma ba a cika amfani da su ba a gwajin bayanan martaba na aluminum, amma ana iya amfani da su don tantance taurin saman ƙasa.aluminumAlloys ko aluminum matrix composites. Ƙa'idar ita ce auna zurfin ciki ta hanyar ma'aunin da aka ɗora a cikin bazara, tare da ma'auni daban-daban masu dacewa da nau'o'in tauri daban-daban, misali. Shore A don roba masu laushi da Shore D don robobi masu wuya. A cikin gwajin aluminium, gwajin taurin Shore yana aiki ne kawai ga takamaiman yanayi. Idan kana buƙatar tantance taurin sutura masu laushi a kan saman aluminum ko gwada bayanan martaba na aluminum mai tsabta tare da ƙananan tauri, kana buƙatar kula da zabar ma'auni mai kyau don kauce wa karkatar da sakamakon gwajin.
Kammalawa
Ƙarfafa bayanan martaba na aluminum yana buƙatar ma'auni tsakanin sigogin tsari, kayan haɗin gwal da ƙa'idodin gwaji don guje wa kuskuren gama gari. Yin amfani da kimiyya na maganin zafi da hanyoyin gwaji na iya haɓaka aikin aluminum kuma ya sadu da manyan buƙatun filayen da yawa.
tsufa
