Nigute Harden Aluminium

Itariki:2026-05-09

Reba: 4274 Ingingo

Gukomera kwa Aluminium ni tekinoroji yingenzi yo kuzamura agaciro k’inganda zikoreshwa mu nganda, zikubiyemo ihame, inzira, ibizamini nibindi bintu byingenzi. Iyi ngingo yibanze ku ngingo yo gukomera kwimyaka, isenya ingingo zingenzi zimikorere ifatika, kandi ifasha kumenya neza ubuhanga bwo gushimangira imyirondoro ya aluminium.

“Gukomera Aluminium” bisobanura iki?

Gukomera kwa Aluminiyumu, bizwi kandi ko gukomera kw'imyaka cyangwa gukomera kw'imvura, ni inzira y'ibanze yo kongera imbaraga n'ubukomere bya aluminium na aluminiyumu binyuze mu kuvura ubushyuhe.
Ihame shingiro ni uko aluminiyumu yashyutswe ku bushyuhe bwihariye ku buryo ibintu bivangavanze bishonga burundu hanyuma bigakonja vuba kugira ngo bibe igisubizo gikomeye. Iyi microstructure idahindagurika iganisha ku kugwa gahoro gahoro gahoro gahoro gahoro gahoro, bikabangamira neza kugenda kwimuka mubyuma, bityo bikazamura cyane imiterere yubukorikori bwumwirondoro udahinduye imiterere.
Iyi nzira ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa bigezweho, cyane cyane mubihe bisaba kuringaniza imbaraga nimbaraga. Bitandukanye nubundi buryo bukomeye, gukomera kwimyaka birashobora kugenga neza imiterere ya aluminiyumu kandi bifite umutekano muke mugihe cyibikorwa, bigatuma iba tekinoroji yingenzi yibikorwa byindege, ibinyabiziga nizindi nzego zohejuru.

Inyungu zingenzi zimyaka Gukomera Aluminium

Imyaka-gukomera izana umubare wimikorere isimbuka kuri aluminiyumu, ikabaha ibyiza bidasubirwaho muburyo butandukanye bwo gusaba.
Ubwa mbere ,.imbaraga no gukomeraimyirondoro ya aluminium yatejwe imbere cyane. Binyuze mu ngaruka zishimangira ibice byimvura yaguye, imbaraga zingana nubukomezi bwa profili ya aluminiyumu irashobora kugera inshuro nyinshi kurwego rwa leta itavuwe, mugihe ikomeza ubucucike buke, bityo ikamenya icyifuzo cyibanze cy "umucyo nimbaraga".
Imiterere yimbuto nziza ni ikindi kintu cyerekana, kugenzura neza ibipimo ngenderwaho birashobora gukora igabanywa rimwe ryicyiciro cyiza cyimvura, kugirangoimiterere ya mashini ya aluminium irahagaze neza, kugirango wirinde gutsindwa biterwa ningingo zintege nke zaho. Kubirebakwambara birwanya ruswa, gukomera kwa aluminiyumu yongerewe imbaraga kugirango irwanye neza gutakaza igihombo, kandi bimwe mubivangwa bivangwa kugirango byongere imbaraga zo kwangirika, bikwiranye cyane nibidukikije bikaze nka marine no hanze.
Igipimo gihamye ni ninyungu igaragara yo gukomera kwimyaka, uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwo guhindura ibintu ni buto cyane, burashobora kuzuza ibipimo byukuri byukuri kubice byuzuye. Byongeye kandi, muguhindura ubushyuhe bwubusaza nigihe, imiterere yubukanishi bwa aluminiyumu irashobora guhindurwa muburyo bworoshye kugirango ibone uburinganire bwiza hagati yimbaraga, gukomera, guhindagurika, kandi ugereranije nibindi bikorwa bishimangira, gukomera kwimyaka birahenze cyane kandi bikwiranye n’inganda nini nini.

Ubwoko butandukanye bwa Aluminium Umuti

Annealing

Annealing nimwe mubikorwa byibanze mukuvura ubushyuhe bwa aluminium, kandi bikoreshwa mugukuraho akazi gakomeye kaba mugihe gikonje, guhimba, nibindi bikorwa. Inzira igizwe no gushyushya aluminiyumu ku bushyuhe bwa dogere 570 ° F kugeza kuri 770 ° F, gufata iminota 30 kugeza ku masaha 3 bitewe nubunini bwumwirondoro hamwe n’ibigize amavuta, hanyuma ugakonja buhoro kugeza ubushyuhe bwicyumba.
Iyi nzira igarura ibice byanyerera muri aluminium, ikarekura imihangayiko yimbere imbere, ikongera igahindura imiterere yingano. Ihindagurika rya aluminiyumu yiyongereye cyane ku buryo bugaragara, bigatuma byoroha gukora nyuma yo kunama, gutera kashe, hamwe nubundi buryo bwo gukora, ndetse no gukosora ibigoramye byintambara bibaho mugihe cyo gutera no gukumira gucika mugihe cyo kuyikoresha. Byombi bishobora gukoreshwa nubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe budashobora gukoreshwa birashobora gushyirwaho kugirango bitezimbere.

UbushyuheT.reatmentP.rocess

S.kuvura ubushyuhe bwa olution nintambwe yingenzi mbere yo gukomera kwimyaka, kandi intego nyamukuru ni ugusenya byimazeyo ibintu bivangavanze muri aluminiyumu kugirango bibe igisubizo kimwe kimwe. Inzira ikubiyemo gushyushya aluminiyumu kugeza kuri 825 ° F-1050 ° F (munsi gato yo gushonga kwa alloy), hamwe no gufata umwanya ugahinduka ukurikije ubunini bwigice, kuva kuminota 10 kubice bito kugeza kumasaha 12 kubice binini.
Nyuma yo gushyushya, aluminiyumu irazimya vuba, mubisanzwe mumazi cyangwa igisubizo cya polymer. Kuzimya amazi birihuta kandi birinda kugwa hakiri kare ibintu bivangavanze ku buryo bushoboka bwose, bigatuma igisubizo gikomeye kirenze urugero;mugihe kuzimya polymer bikwiranye nuburyo bugoye cyangwa imyirondoro yoroheje, kugabanya imihangayiko y'imbere iterwa mugihe cyo gukonja no kugabanya ibyago byo guturika no guhinduka. Nyuma yo kuvura igisubizo gikomeye, aluminiyumu iri muburyo bworoshye, byoroshya gutunganya hanyuma ikabitegura kumyaka yanyuma.

Guhuza ibitsina

Homogenizing ikoreshwa cyane cyane muguterera imyirondoro ya aluminiyumu kugirango ikemure ikibazo cyo gutandukanya ibice bibaho mugihe cyo gukina. Mugihe cyo gukonjesha, urwego rwinyuma rwa aluminiyumu rukomera mbere kugirango rukore ibinyampeke bya aluminiyumu yera, mugihe ibintu bivanze bifite ingingo zo hejuru zishonga bizateranira hagati, bikavamo imiterere yimbere ninyuma yumwirondoro kandi bikagira ingaruka kubitunganya no kubikoresha nyuma.
Ubuvuzi bwa homogenisation bukorwa no gushyushya aluminiyumu kugeza kuri 900 ° F-1000 ° F, ukayifata mugihe runaka kugirango ibintu bivangavanze bikwirakwira kandi bigere no kugabana ibice bimwe, hanyuma bikonje buhoro buhoro kugirango bikemure iyi leta. Nyuma yo kuvurwa, muri rusange imiterere yubukanishi bwa aluminiyumu ikunda kuba idahwitse, bigatuma bitagorana kuyitunganya, kandi bikarinda neza kunanirwa kubumba cyangwa kunanirwa kwimiterere mugihe byakoreshejwe kubera itandukaniro ryibigize.

Gusaza

Kuvura gusaza nisoko nyamukuru yo gukomera kwa aluminium, igabanijwemo gusaza karemano no gusaza kwubukorikori inzira ebyiri, icyangombwa ni ukureka igisubizo kirenze urugero nyuma yo kuvura igisubizo gikomeye cyimvura igwa neza.
Gusaza bisanzwe ntibisaba ubushyuhe bwiyongereye, aluminiyumu yazimye irashobora gushyirwa mubushyuhe bwicyumba, ibyinshi mubikorwa byo gukomera birangira mumasaha 24, bihamye neza birashobora kuzamura imbaraga nubukomere. Ubu buryo burakwiriye kuri ssenariyo idasaba umusaruro mwinshi kandi ugereranije nibikorwa byoroheje byoroheje, ariko twakagombye kumenya ko uburyo bwo kubumba bugomba gukorwa vuba bishoboka nyuma yubusaza burangiye kugirango birinde ubukana bukabije bugira ingaruka kubikorwa.
Gusaza mu buryo bwa artile (bizwi kandi ko gukomera kw'imvura) byihutisha imvura igwa mu gihe cyo gushyushya cyane, gushyushya aluminium kugeza kuri 240 ° F-460 ° F, gufata amasaha 6-24, hanyuma ugakonja. Ubu buryo burakorwa neza kandi busobanutse mugucunga imitungo, kwemerera aluminiyumu kugera kurwego rwo hejuru rwimbaraga zo murwego rwohejuru rwa porogaramu aho gukomera ari ngombwa. Ibipimo byo gusaza byakozwe biratandukanyecyane kuva kuri alloy to alloy kandi bisaba ubushyuhe bukabije hamwe nigihe cyumwirondoro ukurikije ibintu byihariye.

Gusobanukirwa Ibishushanyo bya Aluminium n'ubwoko busanzwe

Gukuramo aluminiyumu bifite kode yimiterere yimiterere ifatanye numubare fatizo wibanze, urugero, "-T73" muri 7075-T73 ni code yimiterere. Amavuta ya aluminiyumu afite ibintu bine byingenzi byerekana, -F (imashini), -O (annealed), -H (gukomera-gukomera), na -T (bivura ubushyuhe). Izina rya gatanu, - W, rikoreshwa mugusobanura imiterere yazimye nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe bwumuti na mbere yo gusaza kwubukorikori cyangwa gusaza ubushyuhe bwicyumba. Ibikurikira nibisobanuro byihariye kuri buri bwoko bwimiterere:
H111: Yerekeza kubicuruzwa bifite imbaraga zikomeye munsi yibisabwa byakugenzura imiterere ya H11.
H12
Ibikurikira H-seri ya code ikurikira ikoreshwa gusa kubintu bya aluminiyumu yahinduwe hamwe na magnesium nominal irenga 4%:
H311: Kubicuruzwa bifite imbaraga zikomeye munsi yibisabwa byimiterere ya H31.
T1: Mubisanzwe ushaje kugeza muburyo butajegajega nyuma yo gukonjeshwa nubushyuhe bwo hejuru.
T2: Imiterere ihuriweho (ikoreshwa kubicuruzwa gusa).
T.3: Ubukonje bukora nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe, bukoreshwa kubicuruzwa aho imbaraga zongerwa nakazi gakonje, cyangwa aho uruhare rwubukonje bukora murwego rwo kuringaniza no kugorora rwashyizwe mubikorwa byo kugabanya imipaka yumutungo.
F
T5: Nyuma yo gukonjeshwa nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo kuvura, kuvura gusaza.
T6.
T7.
T8.

Ibintu bigira ingaruka kuri Aluminium

Gukuramo Ibirimo

Kuvanga ibintu nibintu byingenzi byerekana ubukana bwa profili ya aluminium, kandi igipimo cyibintu bitandukanye kigira ingaruka zitaziguye. Kurugero, 7075 ya aluminiyumu irimo 5.1% -6.1% zinc, 1,2% -2.0% y'umuringa na 2,1% -2.9% ya magnesium, ubukana buri hejuru cyane ugereranije na 6061 ya aluminiyumu, mu gihe 6061 ya aluminiyumu ivanze na magnesium (1.0% -1.5%) hamwe na silikoni (0.4% -0.8%) nkibintu bikurura ibintu bike, hamwe nubukonje bukabije hamwe nibintu byoroshye.
Zinc, umuringa na magnesium nibintu byingenzi byongera ubukana bwa aluminiyumu, kandi ibiyikubiyemo bigomba gutegekwa neza ukurikije ibisabwa kubisabwa: ibintu byinshi bigize ibivangavanze bikwiranye no gukurikirana imbaraga zanyuma zibyabaye, mugihe igipimo cyuzuye gishobora kuzirikana imbaraga nimbaraga zitunganya, kugirango bikemure inganda rusange.

ShyushyaT.reatmentP.arameters

Uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe nuburyo bwibanze bwo kugenzura ubukana bwa aluminiyumu, kandi gutandukana kwa buri kintu bizagira ingaruka ku gukomera kwa nyuma.
Ubushyuhe hamwe nigihe cyo kuvura igisubizo gikenewe bigomba kwemeza ko ibintu bivangavanze bishonga burundu, ubushyuhe budahagije cyangwa igihe cyo gufata ni gito cyane bizatuma habaho gusenyuka bidahagije, ingaruka zikomeye zo gusaza ziragabanuka cyane; kuzimya umuvuduko ugena ituze ryumuti urenze urugero, gukonjesha buhoro bizatuma ibintu bivangavanze bigwa mbere, bikagabanya imbaraga zo gukomera.
Gusaza muburyo bwubushyuhe ni hejuru cyane cyangwa birebire bizagabanya ubukana; ubushyuhe buri hasi cyane cyangwa igihe ntabwo gihagije gukomera ntabwo bigera kurwego rusanzwe. Ubushuhe n'ubushuhe bw'ibidukikije bisanzwe bishaje bizogira kandi ingaruka ku gipimo cyo gukomera no gukomera kwa nyuma, hamwe na storagibidukikije bigomba kugenzurwa.

Gukora no kurangiza leta

Inzira yo gukora nuburyo bwa nyuma bwa aluminiyumu bigira ingaruka zikomeye. Aluminiyumu ikorwa no gukanda cyangwa gushyushya ubusanzwe iba munsi mubukomere; imbeho ikora aluminiyumu irakomeye binyuze mubikorwa bikomeye.
Ubuso bwibicuruzwa byarangiye bigira ingaruka kubisubizo byikizamini, ibice bya okiside, gushushanya, hamwe namavuta birashobora gutera kugoreka ikizamini, mugihe ubuso bunoze bugaragaza ubukana nyabwo. Urukurikirane rwimashini yakurikiyeho narwo rukomeye. Imashini nini nyuma yo gukomera kwimyaka irashobora kuvamo gutakaza ubukana bitewe no kurekura imbere.

Amakosa Rusange Iyo Gukomera Aluminium

Guhindura no Gukomera Ibibazo

Gukomera kwa aluminiyumu akenshi bivamo kugoreka no gucika kuberagukonjesha kutaringaniye hamwe no guhangayika imbere. Inguni zikarishye imbere, ubunini bwambukiranya ibice bitandukanye, urukuta ruto ndetse nuburyo butamenyerewe bikunze guhangayikishwa cyane no kongera ibyago byo kuzimya.
Irashobora gukemurwa uhereye kubishushanyo mbonera. Igishushanyo kigomba kuba kizengurutse inguni kugirango wirinde inguni zikarishye kandi zihindagurika cyane; inzira igomba gutoranywa ukurikije ibice bizimya umwirondoro, bigoye cyangwa uruzitiro ruto rushobora guhitamo igisubizo cya polymer aho kuba amazi meza. Igihe kimwe, ikoreshwa rya jigs hamwe nibikoresho kugirango ugenzure gushyira hamwe no gukonjesha icyerekezo birashobora kugabanya deformasiyo.

Ntabwo bihagijeH.ardness (munsi yubusaza) naO.gusazaP.roblems

Kudakomera biterwa no gusaza, bishobora guturuka ku bushyuhe buke cyane bwo gusaza, umwanya uhagije wo gufata, cyangwa kuvura igisubizo kidahagije, bikavamo ibintu bike cyane byangiza. Byongeye kandi, niba kuzimya gusigara igihe kirekire mbere yo gusaza kwubukorikori, gusaza bisanzwe bizabaho kare, bigabanya imbaraga zo gukomera, bishobora no kuvamo gukomera kutujuje ubuziranenge.
Gusaza cyane biterwa nubushyuhe buri hejuru cyangwa igihe ni kirekire cyane, bigatuma ibice byimvura bigwa bikura, intera ikiyongera, imbaraga zo gukomera zigacika intege, kuburyo ubukana bwibikoresho bya aluminiyumu bigabanuka, ubukana bukazamuka. Urufunguzo rwo kumenya munsi cyangwa gusaza cyane muburyo bukomeye: icyiciro cyose cyubukonje buke nikibazo cyibintu, ubusumbane bwaho ni ikwirakwizwa ryubushyuhe bwitanura cyangwa ibice bitewe nubucucike bukabije.
Kugira ngo wirinde ibibazo nk'ibi bigomba guhuza cyane ibikoresho byo gutunganya ubushyuhe kugira ngo ubushyuhe bugenzurwe neza hagati ya ± 5-10 ° C; ukurikije urwego rwa alloy hamwe nubunini bwibice kugirango utezimbere neza gusaza umurongo, kugirango wirinde guhindura buhumyi ibipimo; ibice byazimye bigomba kwimurwa muburyo bwo gusaza byihuse, muri rusange ntibigomba kurenza amasaha 4, kugirango birinde gusaza bisanzwe.

KwirindaS.econdaryH.kuryaT.reatment

Iyo ingaruka zikomeye za aluminiyumu zitujuje ubuziranenge, rimwe na rimwe zishobora gukosorwa no kuvura ubushyuhe bwa kabiri, ariko bigomba gukurikiza ibisobanuro bikomeye. Icyiciro cya kabiri cyo kuvura ubusanzwe gisaba kongera gukemura no gusaza, ariko niba aluminiyumu yaranyuze muburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura ubushyuhe, birashobora gutuma ingano nini, bigira ingaruka kumikorere rusange.
Ubushyuhe bwo mucyiciro cya kabiri bugomba kuba munsi gato ugereranije nubwa mbere, kugirango wirinde ubushyuhe buganisha ku gukura kwimbuto cyangwa gushonga imbibi; kuzimya bigomba kwitondera cyane gukonjesha uburinganire, kuko gukomera kwambere kwimbere yimbere biragoye kandi byoroshye gucamo kabiri. Nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe bwa kabiri, ubukana nibikorwa bigomba kongera kugeragezwa kugirango hubahirizwe ibisabwa.

Uburyo bwo Kugerageza Ubukomezi bwa Aluminium

Ikizamini cya Rockwell

Ikizamini gikomeye cya Rockwell kiroroshye gukora kandi neza mugupima aluminiyumu, ikwiranye no kugenzura ubuziranenge bwicyiciro. Ubukomezi bugenwa nuburebure bwokwerekana indenter munsi yumutwaro, kandi agaciro gakomeye kabarwa mukubara itandukaniro ryimbitse nyuma ya preload numutwaro nyamukuru.
Ikizamini cya aluminiyumu igerageza cyane cyane ifata igipimo cya HRB, ukoresheje umutwaro wa 100kgf hamwe nicyuma cyumupira wibyuma, bikwiranye na aluminiyumu ikomeye; gukomera gukomeye aluminium irashobora guhitamo ikindi gipimo cya Rockwell. Ubu buryo burihuta, gusoma mu buryo butaziguye, indentasiyo nto, kandi byangiritse kuri profil.

BrinellH.ardnessT.est

Ikizamini cya Brinell gikoresha imipira minini ya diameter yumupira hamwe nuburemere bunini, bubereye gutahura ingano nini zitera aluminiyumu cyangwa ibice binini bya aluminium. Ikora indente nini hejuru, igereranya itandukaniro ryimiterere yibintu hamwe nubunini bwingano, kandi ikabona agaciro gakomeye. Ikizamini gikeneye gupima diameter ya indentation no kubara agaciro ka HB, gashobora kwirinda guca imanza nabi zaho zikomeye kandi zoroshye kandi bikagaragaza ubukana muri rusange, ariko indentation nini kandi ntabwo ibereye ibicuruzwa byarangiye neza.

VickersH.ardnessT.est

Ikizamini gikomeye cya Vickers kiratandukanye kandi kirashobora gupima ubukana butandukanye bwa profili ya aluminium. Ikoresha diyama tetragonal indenter, ikoresha umutwaro uhindagurika, kandi ibara ubukana ukurikije diagonal ya indentation. Ikigereranyo kinini cyumutwaro, microscopique na macroscopique kwipimisha, gushobora gupima ibifuniko, uduce duto hamwe nubukomere muri rusange, ibisobanuro bihanitse, bikwiranye nubushakashatsi bwa siyansi nibindi bintu bisaba, ariko bisaba abakozi kabuhariwe gukora no gusesengura.

Ikizamini gikomeye

Igeragezwa rya Knoop rikoresha indimu imeze nka diyama kugirango ikore indente yoroheje, kandi ibara ubukana mu gupima diagonal ndende. Uburemere bwa gf 10-1000 burakwiriye mugupima ibikoresho byoroshye, aluminiyumu yoroheje, ibifuniko hamwe nuduce twegereye.
Uburebure, uburebure burebure burinda gucikamo urugero kandi birakwiriye cyane cyane kuri aluminiyumu yoroheje cyangwa yakozwe hejuru. Kuri anisotropic aluminium, guhindura icyerekezo cyikizamini byerekana itandukaniro rikomeye kandi itanga amakuru yuzuye yimikorere.

Ikizamini gikomeye

Ikizamini gikomeye cya Richter nuburyo bworoshye, bwo kugenzura aho bugenzura gusuzuma ubukana bwa aluminiyumu ukoresheje umupira wa karubide ya tungsten hejuru kandigupima igipimo cyo kwisubiraho, hamwe nigipimo kinini cyo kwisubiramo bikavamo gukomera gukomeye.
Ikizamini gikomeye cya Richter kiroroshye, cyihuta, kandi ntigishobora kugarukira kubigereranyo, bituma gikora icyitegererezo cyibikorwa binini. Nyamara, ubunyangamugayo buri hasi kandi bworoshye kumiterere yubuso, kubwibyo bukunze gukoreshwa mugupima kwambere, mugihe ibice bikomeye bikeneye guhuzwa nubundi buryo nyabwo.

InkombeH.ardnessT.est

Kwipimisha gukomera kwinkombe bikoreshwa cyane mugupima elastomers na plastike yoroshye, kandi ntibikoreshwa cyane mugupima umwirondoro wa aluminium, ariko birashobora gukoreshwa mugusuzuma ubukana bwubuso bworoshyealuminiumibibyimba cyangwa aluminium matrix. Ihame nugupima ubujyakuzimu bwa indentation ukoresheje indent yuzuye isoko, hamwe numunzani utandukanye uhuye nurwego rutandukanye, Inkombe A ya reberi yoroshye na Shore D kuri plastiki ikomeye.
Mu igeragezwa rya aluminium, Ikizamini gikomeye cyo ku nkombe kirakoreshwa gusa mubihe byihariye. Niba ukeneye gusuzuma ubukana bwimyenda yoroheje hejuru ya aluminium cyangwa kugerageza imyirondoro ya aluminiyumu ifite ubukana buke cyane, ugomba kwitondera guhitamo igipimo gikwiye kugirango wirinde kugoreka ibisubizo byikizamini.

Umwanzuro

Gukomera kwimyirondoro ya aluminiyumu bisaba kuringaniza ibipimo byimikorere, imitungo ivanze nibipimo byo kugerageza kugirango wirinde imyumvire mibi. Gukoresha siyanse yo gukoresha ubushyuhe hamwe nuburyo bwo gupima birashobora gukora cyane imikorere ya aluminium kandi igahuza ibikenewe-murwego rwo hejuru rwimirima myinshi.

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Mudusangire:

pre:

Kuki uhitamo imyirondoro ya Aluminium kuri Wardrobes? Inyungu Zingenzi Ukwiye Kumenya

Ibikurikira:

Imikorere ya Aluminium Alloy: Ubuyobozi buhebuje bwo gukora neza cyane

kugurisha bishyushye

Henan Retop Inganda, Ltd.

Nigute Harden Aluminium

“Gukomera Aluminium” bisobanura iki?

Inyungu zingenzi zimyaka Gukomera Aluminium

Ubwoko butandukanye bwa Aluminium Umuti

Annealing

UbushyuheT.reatmentP.rocess

Guhuza ibitsina

Gusaza

Gusobanukirwa Ibishushanyo bya Aluminium n'ubwoko busanzwe

Ibintu bigira ingaruka kuri Aluminium

Gukuramo Ibirimo

ShyushyaT.reatmentP.arameters

Gukora no kurangiza leta

Amakosa Rusange Iyo Gukomera Aluminium

Guhindura no Gukomera Ibibazo

Ntabwo bihagijeH.ardness (munsi yubusaza) naO.gusazaP.roblems

KwirindaS.econdaryH.kuryaT.reatment

Uburyo bwo Kugerageza Ubukomezi bwa Aluminium

Ikizamini cya Rockwell

BrinellH.ardnessT.est

VickersH.ardnessT.est

Ikizamini gikomeye

Ikizamini gikomeye

InkombeH.ardnessT.est

Umwanzuro

Casement 36 Urukurikirane

Casement 30.5 Urukurikirane

Ikibanza 28

Ikibanza 34

Idirishya rya Slenderline Idirishya 500

Kunyerera Idirishya 5000 Urukurikirane